全文获取类型
收费全文 | 419篇 |
免费 | 25篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 3篇 |
2015年 | 12篇 |
2014年 | 17篇 |
2013年 | 16篇 |
2012年 | 28篇 |
2011年 | 40篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 25篇 |
2008年 | 32篇 |
2007年 | 10篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 8篇 |
2004年 | 12篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 13篇 |
2001年 | 14篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 18篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 2篇 |
1949年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有444条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Michael K. Dowd Jing Zeng Alfred D. French Peter J. Reilly 《Carbohydrate research》1992,230(2):223-244
Energy surfaces were computed for relative orientations of the relaxed pyranosyl rings of the two anomeric forms of kojibiose, nigerose, and maltose, the (1 → 2)-, (1 → 3)-- and (1 → 4)--linked
-glucosyl disaccharides, respectively. Twenty-four combinations of starting conformations of the rotatable side-groups were considered for each disaccharide. Optimized structures were calculated using MM3 on a 20° grid spacing of the torsional angles about the glycosidic bonds. The energy surfaces of the six disaccharides were similar in many respects but differed in detail within the low-energy regions. The maps also illustrate the importance of the exo-anomeric effect and linkage type in determining the conformational flexibility of disaccharides. Torsional conformations of known crystal structures of maltosyl-containing molecules lie in a lower MM3 energy range than previously reported. 相似文献
102.
P. F. Dowd H. R. Burmeister R. F. Vesonder 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1992,63(1):95-100
The antiinsectan properties of the Fusarium graminearum-derived novel sterol sulfate, 4,4,24-trimethylcholesta-8,14,24(28)-trien-2,3,11,12-tetrol 12 acetate, 3-sulfate were tested on the corn earworm (Heliothis zea (Boddie), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and the driedfruit beetle (Carpophilus hemipterus L.). The sterol sulfate could not be used as a sterol source by any of the insects. The sterol sulfate inhibited growth of S. frugiperda and C. hemipterus larvae at 2500 and 4000 ppm, respectively. Defensive implications of this compound are discussed. 相似文献
103.
April DeLaurier Tyler R. Huycke James T. Nichols Mary E. Swartz Ashlin Larsen Charline Walker John Dowd Luyuan Pan Cecilia B. Moens Charles B. Kimmel 《Developmental biology》2014
Phenotypic robustness requires a process of developmental buffering that is largely not understood, but which can be disrupted by mutations. Here we show that in mef2cab1086 loss of function mutant embryos and early larvae, development of craniofacial hyoid bones, the opercle (Op) and branchiostegal ray (BR), becomes remarkably unstable; the large magnitude of the instability serves as a positive attribute to learn about features of this developmental buffering. The OpBR mutant phenotype variably includes bone expansion and fusion, Op duplication, and BR homeosis. Formation of a novel bone strut, or a bone bridge connecting the Op and BR together occurs frequently. We find no evidence that the phenotypic stability in the wild type is provided by redundancy between mef2ca and its co-ortholog mef2cb, or that it is related to the selector (homeotic) gene function of mef2ca. Changes in dorsal–ventral patterning of the hyoid arch also might not contribute to phenotypic instability in mutants. However, subsequent development of the bone lineage itself, including osteoblast differentiation and morphogenetic outgrowth, shows marked variation. Hence, steps along the developmental trajectory appear differentially sensitive to the loss of buffering, providing focus for the future study. 相似文献
104.
The Bacillus subtilis cell-division protein DivIB is shown to be present at an ≈100-fold higher abundance (≈5000 molecules per cell) than its Escherichia coli FtsQ homologue. B. subtilis contains much more DivIB (at least 60-fold) than is needed to maintain the normal rate of cell division at moderate temperatures (up to 37°C). However, a high level of DivIB is needed to achieve the normal rate of division at high temperature (47°C). It is proposed that membrane-bound DivIB is involved in stabilizing or promoting the assembly of the division complex (which is intrinsically temperature sensitive) in a manner that requires more of the protein at higher temperatures. The (at least) 60-fold accumulation of DivIB and FtsZ from an undetectable level, following germination and outgrowth of spores up until the stage of the first cell division, was unaffected by blocking of initiation of the first round of replication. It is concluded that there is no major synthesis of either of these 'division initiation' proteins linked to initiation, progression or completion of the first round of replication accompanying spore outgrowth. 相似文献
105.
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) constitute a family of pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of a large number of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.The most highly conserved region in the primary structure of the CDCs is the signature undecapeptide sequence (ECTGLAWEWWR). The CDC pore forming mechanism is highly sensitive to changes in its structure, yet its contribution to the molecular mechanism of the CDCs has remained enigmatic. Using a combination of fluorescence spectroscopic methods we provide evidence that shows the undecapeptide motif of the archetype CDC, perfringolysin O (PFO), is a key structural element in the allosteric coupling of the cholesterol-mediated membrane binding in domain 4 (D4) to distal structural changes in domain 3 (D3) that are required for the formation of the oligomeric pore complex. Loss of the undecapeptide function prevents all measurable D3 structural transitions, the intermolecular interaction of membrane bound monomers and the assembly of the oligomeric pore complex. We further show that this pathway does not exist in intermedilysin (ILY), a CDC that exhibits a divergent undecapeptide and that has evolved to use human CD59 rather than cholesterol as its receptor. These studies show for the first time that the undecapeptide of the cholesterol-binding CDCs forms a critical element of the allosteric pathway that controls the assembly of the pore complex. 相似文献
106.
107.
In the last century, coyotes (Canis latrans) have expanded their range geographically, but have also expanded their use of habitats within currently occupied regions. Because coyotes are not morphologically adapted for travel in deep snow, we studied coyote space use patterns in a deep-snow landscape to examine behavioral adaptations enabling them to use high elevations during winter. We examined the influence of snow depth, snow penetrability, canopy cover, and habitat type, as well as the rates of prey and predator track encounters, on coyote travel distance in high-elevation terrain in northwestern Wyoming, USA. We backtracked 13 radio-collared coyotes for 265.41 km during the winters of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, and compared habitat use and movement patterns of the actual coyotes with 259.11 km of random travel paths. Coyotes used specific habitats differently than were available on the landscape. Open woodlands were used for the majority of coyote travel distance, followed by mixed conifer, and closed-stand spruce–fir. Prey track encounters peaked in closed-stand, mature Douglas fir, followed by 50- to 150-year-old lodgepole pine stands, and 0- to 40-year-old regeneration lodgepole pine stands. Snowmobile trails had the most variation between use and availability on the landscape (12.0 % use vs. 0.6 % available). Coyotes increased use of habitats with dense canopy cover as snow penetration increased and rates of rodent and red squirrel track encounters increased. Additionally, coyotes spent more time in habitats containing more tracks of ungulates. Conversely, use of habitats with less canopy cover decreased as snow depth increased, and coyotes traveled more directly in habitats with less canopy cover and lower snow penetration, suggesting coyotes used these habitats to travel. Coyotes persisted throughout the winter and effectively used resources despite deep snow conditions in a high-elevation environment. 相似文献
108.
The piggyBac transposable element, originally isolated from a virus in an insect cell line, is a valuable molecular tool for transgenesis and mutagenesis of invertebrates. For heterologous transgenesis in a variety of mammals, transfer of the piggyBac transposable element from an ectopic plasmid only requires expression of piggyBac transposase. To determine if piggyBac could function in dicotyledonous plants, a two-element system was developed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) to test for transposable element excision and insertion. The first transgenic line constitutively expressed piggyBac transposase, while the second transgenic line contained at least two non-autonomous piggyBac transposable elements. Progeny from crosses of the two transgenic lines was analyzed for piggyBac excision and transposition. Several progeny displayed excision events, and all the sequenced excision sites exhibited evidence of the precise excision mechanism characteristic of piggyBac transposase. Two unique transposition insertion events were identified that each included diagnostic duplication of the target site. These data indicate that piggyBac transposase is active in a dicotyledonous plant, although at a low frequency. 相似文献
109.
Danique van Vliet Terry GJ Derks Margreet van Rijn Martijn J de Groot Anita MacDonald M Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema Francjan J van Spronsen 《Orphanet journal of rare diseases》2014,9(1):1-14
Aminoacidopathies are a group of rare and diverse disorders, caused by the deficiency of an enzyme or transporter involved in amino acid metabolism. For most aminoacidopathies, dietary management is the mainstay of treatment. Such treatment includes severe natural protein restriction, combined with protein substitution with all amino acids except the amino acids prior to the metabolic block and enriched with the amino acid that has become essential by the enzymatic defect. For some aminoacidopathies, supplementation of one or two amino acids, that have not become essential by the enzymatic defect, has been suggested. This so-called single amino acid supplementation can serve different treatment objectives, but evidence is limited. The aim of the present article is to provide a systematic review on the reasons for applications of single amino acid supplementation in aminoacidopathies treated with natural protein restriction and synthetic amino acid mixtures. 相似文献
110.
Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann Adam P. Patterson Alison Diesel Sara D. Lawhon Hoai Jaclyn Ly Christine Elkins Stephenson Joanne Mansell J?rg M. Steiner Scot E. Dowd Thierry Olivry Jan S. Suchodolski 《PloS one》2014,9(1)